"THE MONKEY TRIAL":
A Reporter's Account
July 9
On the eve of the great contest Dayton is full of sickening surges
and tremors of doubt. Five or six weeks ago, when the infidel Scopes
was
first laid by the heels, there was no uncertainty in all this smiling
valley.
The town boomers leaped to the assault as one man. Here was an
unexampled,
almost a miraculous chance to get Dayton upon the front pages, to make
it talked about, to put it upon the map. But how now?
Today, with the curtain barely rung up and the worst
buffooneries to
come, it is obvious to even town boomers that getting upon the map,
like
patriotism, is not enough. The getting there must be managed
discreetly,
adroitly, with careful regard to psychological niceties. The boomers of
Dayton, alas, had no skill at such things, and the experts they called
in were all quacks. The result now turns the communal liver to water.
Two
months ago the town was obscure and happy. Today it is a universal
joke.
I have been attending the permanent town meeting that goes on
in
Robinson's
drug store, trying to find out what the town optimists have saved from
the wreck. All I can find is a sort of mystical confidence that God
will
somehow come to the rescue to reward His old and faithful partisans as
they deserve--that good will flow eventually out of what now seems to
be
heavily evil. More specifically, it is believed that settlers will be
attracted
to the town as to some refuge from the atheism of the great urban
Sodoms
and Gomorrah.
But will these refugees bring any money with them? Will they
buy
lots
and build houses? Will they light the fires of the cold and silent
blast
furnace down the railroad tracks? On these points, I regret to report,
optimism has to call in theology to aid it. Prayer can accomplish a
lot.
It can cure diabetes, find lost pocketbooks and retain husbands from
beating
their wives. But is prayer made any more officious by giving a circus
first?
Coming to this thought, Dayton begins to sweat.
The town, I confess, greatly surprised me. I expected to find
a
squalid
Southern village, with darkies snoozing on the horse blocks, pigs
rooting
under the houses and the inhabitants full of hookworm and malaria. What
I found was a country town of charm and even beauty....
July 10 (the first day)
The town boomers have banqueted Darrow as well as Bryan, but there
is no mistaking which of the two has the crowd, which means the venire
of tried and true men. Bryan has been oozing around the country since
his
first day here, addressing this organization and that, presenting the
indubitable
Word of God in his caressing, ingratiating way, and so making unanimity
doubly unanimous. From the defense yesterday came hints that he was
making
hay before the sun had legally begun to shine--even that it was a sort
of contempt of court. But no Daytonian believes anything of the sort.
What
Bryan says doesn't seem to these congenial Baptists and Methodists to
be
argument; it seems to be a mere graceful statement to the obvious....
July 11
The selection of a jury to try Scopes, which went on all yesterday
afternoon in the atmosphere of a blast furnace, showed to what extreme
lengths the salvation of the local primates has been pushed. It was
obvious
after a few rounds that the jury would be unanimously hot for Genesis.
The most that Mr. Darrow could hope for was to sneak in a few bold
enough
to declare publicly that they would have to hear the evidence against
Scopes
before condemning him. The slightest sign of anything further brought
forth
a peremptory challenge from the State. Once a man was challenged
without
examination for simply admitting that he did not belong formally to any
church. Another time a panel man who confessed that he was prejudiced
against
evolution got a hearty round of applause from the crowd....
In brief this is a strictly Christian community, and such is
its
notion
of fairness, justice and due process of law. Try to picture a town made
up wholly of Dr. Crabbes and Dr. Kellys, and you will have a reasonably
accurate image of it. Its people are simply unable to imagine a man who
rejects the literal authority of the Bible. The most they can conjure
up,
straining until they are red in the face, is a man who is in error
about
the meaning of this or that text. Thus one accused of heresy among them
is like one accused of boiling his grandmother to make soap in
Maryland....
July 13 (the second day)
It would be hard to imagine a more moral town than Dayton. If it has
any bootleggers, no visitor has heard of them. Ten minutes after I
arrived
a leading citizen offered me a drink made up half of white mule and
half
of coca cola, but he seems to have been simply indulging himself in a
naughty
gesture. No fancy woman has been seen in the town since the end of the
McKinley administration. There is no gambling. There is no place to
dance.
The relatively wicked, when they would indulge themselves, go to
Robinson's
drug store and debate theology....
July 14 (the third day)
The net effect of Clarence Darrow's great speech yesterday seems to
be preciously the same as if he had bawled it up a rainspout in the
interior
of Afghanistan. That is, locally, upon the process against the infidel
Scopes, upon the so-called minds of these fundamentalists of upland
Tennessee.
You have but a dim notice of it who have only read it. It was not
designed
for reading, but for hearing. The clangtint of it was as important as
the
logic. It rose like a wind and ended like a flourish of bugles. The
very
judge on the bench, toward the end of it, began to look uneasy. But the
morons in the audience, when it was over, simply hissed it.
During the whole time of its delivery the old mountebank, Bryan, sat
tight-lipped and unmoved. There is, of course, no reason why it should
have shaken him. He has these hillbillies locked up in his pen and he
knows
it. His brand is on them. He is at home among them. Since his earliest
days, indeed, his chief strength has been among the folk of remote
hills
and forlorn and lonely farms. Now with his political aspirations all
gone
to pot, he turns to them for religious consolations. They understand
his
peculiar imbecilities. His nonsense is their ideal of sense. When he
deluges
them with his theologic bilge they rejoice like pilgrims disporting in
the river Jordan....
July 15 (the fourth day)
A preacher of any sect that admit the literal authenticity of Genesis
is free to gather a crowd at any time and talk all he wants. More, he
may
engage in a disputation with any expert. I have heard at least a
hundred
such discussions, and some of them have been very acrimonious. But the
instant a speaker utters a word against divine revelation he begin to
disturb
the peace and is liable to immediate arrest and confinement in the
calaboose
beside the railroad tracks...
July 16 (the fifth day)
In view of the fact that everyone here looks for the jury to bring
in a verdict of guilty, it might be expected that the prosecution would
show a considerable amiability and allow the defense a rather free
play.
Instead, it is contesting every point very vigorously and taking every
advantage of its greatly superior familiarity with local procedure.
There
is, in fact, a considerable heat in the trial. Bryan and the local
lawyers
for the State sit glaring at the defense all day and even the
Attorney-General,
A. T. Stewart, who is supposed to have secret doubts about
fundamentalism,
has shown such pugnacity that it has already brought him to forced
apologies.
The high point of yesterday's proceedings was reached with the
appearance
of Dr. Maynard M. Metcalf of the John Hopkins. The doctor is a somewhat
chubby man of bland mien, and during the first part of his testimony,
with
the jury present, the prosecution apparently viewed his with great
equanimity.
But the instant he was asked a question bearing directly upon the case
at bar there was a flurry in the Bryan pen and Stewart was on his feet
with protests. Another question followed, with more and hotter
protests.
The judge then excluded the jury and the show began.
What ensued was, on the surface, a harmless enough dialogue
between
Dr. Metcalf and Darrow, but underneath there was tense drama. At the
first
question Bryan came out from behind the State's table and planted
himself
directly in front of Dr. Metcalf, and not ten feet away. The two
McKenzies
followed, with young Sue Hicks at their heels.
Then began one of the clearest, most succinct and withal most
eloquent
presentations of the case for the evolutionists that I have ever heard.
The doctor was never at a loss for a word, and his ideas flowed freely
and smoothly. Darrow steered him magnificently. A word or two and he
was
howling down the wind. Another and he hauled up to discharge a
broadside.
There was no cocksureness in him. Instead he was rather cautious and
deprecatory
and sometimes he halted and confessed his ignorance. But what he got
over
before he finished was a superb counterblast to the fundamentalist
buncombe.
The jury, at least, in theory heard nothing of it, but it went whooping
into the radio and it went banging into the face of Bryan....
This old buzzard, having failed to raise the mob against its
rulers,
now prepares to raise it against its teachers. He can never be the
peasants'
President, but there is still a chance to be the peasants' Pope. He
leads
a new crusade, his bald head glistening, his face streaming with sweat,
his chest heaving beneath his rumpled alpaca coat. One somehow pities
him,
despite his so palpable imbecilities. It is a tragedy, indeed, to begin
life as a hero and to end it as a buffoon. But let no one, laughing at
him, underestimate the magic that lies in his black, malignant eye, his
frayed but still eloquent voice. He can shake and inflame these poor
ignoramuses
as no other man among us can shake and inflame them, and he is
desperately
eager to order the charge.
In Tennessee he is drilling his army. The big battles, he
believes,
will be fought elsewhere.
July 17 (the sixth day)
Malone was in good voice. It was a great day for Ireland. And for the
defense. For Malone not only out-yelled Bryan, he also plainly
out-generaled
and out-argued him. His speech, indeed, was one of the best
presentations
of the case against the fundamentalist rubbish that I have ever heard.
It was simple in structure, it was clear in reasoning, and at
its
high
points it was overwhelmingly eloquent. It was not long, but it covered
the whole ground and it let off many a gaudy skyrocket, and so it
conquered
even the fundamentalist. At its end they gave it a tremendous cheer--a
cheer at least four times as hearty as that given to Bryan. For these
rustics
delight in speechifying, and know when it is good. The devil's logic
cannot
fetch them, but they are not above taking a voluptuous pleasure in his
lascivious phrases..
July 18
All that remains of the great cause of the State of Tennessee against
the infidel Scopes is the formal business of bumping off the defendant.
There may be some legal jousting on Monday and some gaudy oratory on
Tuesday,
but the main battle is over, with Genesis completely triumphant. Judge
Raulston finished the benign business yesterday morning by leaping with
soft judicial hosannas into the arms of the prosecution. The sole
commentary
of the sardonic Darrow consisted of bringing down a metaphorical
custard
pie upon the occiput of the learned jurist.
"I hope," said the latter nervously, "that counsel intends no
reflection
upon this court."
Darrow hunched his shoulders and looked out of the window
dreamily.
"Your honor," he said, "is, of course, entitled to hope."...
The Scopes trial, from the start, has been carried on in a manner
exactly
fitted to the anti- evolution law and the simian imbecility under it.
There
hasn't been the slightest pretense to decorum. The rustic judge, a
candidate
for re-election, has postured the yokels like a clown in a ten-cent
side
show, and almost every word he has uttered has been an undisguised
appeal
to their prejudices and superstitions. The chief prosecuting attorney,
beginning like a competent lawyer and a man of self-respect, ended like
a convert at a Billy Sunday revival. It fell to him, finally, to make a
clear and astounding statement of theory of justice prevailing under
fundamentalism.
What he said, in brief, was that a man accused of infidelity had no
rights
whatever under Tennessee law...
Darrow has lost this case. It was lost long before he came to
Dayton.
But it seems to me that he has nevertheless performed a great public
service
by fighting it to a finish and in a perfectly serious way. Let no one
mistake
it for comedy, farcical though it may be in all its details. It serves
notice on the country that Neanderthal man is organizing in these
forlorn
backwaters of the land, led by a fanatic, rid of sense and devoid of
conscience.
Tennessee, challenging him too timorously and too late, now sees its
courts
converted into camp meetings and its Bill of Rights made a mock of by
its
sworn officers of the law. There are other States that had better look
to their arsenals before the Hun is at their gates.
Essay on H. L. Mencken and his view of the
Scopes trial
Links to H. L. Mencken's full
essays
on the Scopes trial:
Coverage of The
Scopes Trial
- Homo
Neanderthalensis (June 29, 1925)
- Sickening
Doubts About Publicity (June 29, 1925)
- Impossibility
of Obtaining Fair Jury (July 10, 1925)
- Trial
as Religious Orgy (July 11, 1925)
- Souls
Need Reconversion Nightly (July 13, 1925)
- Darrow's
Eloquent Appeal (July 14, 1925)
- Law
and Freedom (July 15, 1925)
- Fair
Trial Beyond Ken (July 16, 1925)
- Malone
the Victor (July 17, 1925)
- Genesis
Triumphant (July 18, 1925)
- Tennessee
in the Frying Pan (July 20, 1925)
- Bryan
(July 27, 1925)
- Aftermath
(September 14, 1925)
Henry Louis Mencken Homepage
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